# Heart disease and ED treatment: what the guideline and the labels actually say > No, a heart condition does not automatically rule out ED treatment. The American Urological Association guideline points clinicians to the Princeton III criteria, which sort men into low, intermediate or high cardiac risk before ED is treated. Low risk can include men with a successful stent or bypass, controlled high blood pressure without symptoms, mild heart failure or mild valve disease; other men with heart conditions need a cardiology consultation first. The one fixed rule on the labels is that ED pills are never combined with nitrate medicines. _Last updated: 2026-10-17_ --- **The short version:** heart disease and erectile dysfunction often travel together, and that makes ED treatment a clinical decision for a man with a heart condition. It does not make it an automatic no. The American Urological Association (AUA) guideline directs clinicians to sort men by cardiac risk before treating ED, and some men with diagnosed heart disease fall in the low-risk group. The prescribing labels for ED pills add one rule that does not bend: they are never taken with nitrate medicines. This page walks through what the guideline, the Princeton III expert consensus and the labels say, and what a clinician is likely to ask about your heart. It is part of our [Causes and Conditions section](/topics/causes-and-health/). ## Does a heart condition rule out ED treatment? Not automatically. The AUA guideline says that because vascular disease and ED are frequently comorbid, "consideration must be given to the possible cardiac risks of sexual activity", and it points to the Princeton III criteria, which designate men as low, intermediate or high risk before ED is treated. In the guideline's words, low-risk men "may be treated for ED without additional cardiovascular evaluation", and "all other men with cardiovascular conditions require a cardiology consultation and additional cardiac evaluation" ([AUA ED Guideline, Statement 3 discussion]()). The sildenafil label frames the same idea from the medicine's side. It says ED treatments, including sildenafil, "should not be generally used in men for whom sexual activity is inadvisable because of their underlying cardiovascular status", and it asks prescribers to consider carefully whether a man with heart disease could be affected by the drug's blood-vessel-widening effects ([VIAGRA prescribing information, section 5.1, DailyMed](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). So the clinical question is whether a man's heart can handle the physical demands of sex, and what he takes for it. ## Why is ED linked to heart disease? The two share risk factors and, often, the same underlying problem in the blood vessels. The AUA lists age, smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol, depression, obesity and a sedentary lifestyle as recognized independent risk factors for both, and says there is compelling evidence that the most common mechanism of ED is vascular and that the two conditions "share etiologies as well as pathophysiology" ([AUA ED Guideline]()). The NIH's National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) lists heart and blood vessel diseases, such as atherosclerosis, high blood pressure and stroke, among the most common conditions that can lead to ED, and names heart disease as a factor that makes ED more likely ([NIDDK, Symptoms & Causes](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes); [NIDDK, Definition & Facts](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/definition-facts)). The guideline also notes that symptoms of ED may precede a cardiovascular event by up to five years. The Princeton III panel describes a window of 2 to 5 years between ED onset and a coronary artery disease event ([Nehra et al., Mayo Clin Proc 2012](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3498391/)). Our guide to [what ED can signal about your health](/ed-and-your-health/) covers the wider set of conditions ED can point to, and our guide to [what causes erectile dysfunction](/what-causes-ed/) maps the vascular causes alongside the others. The shared risk factors each have their own page: [high blood pressure](/ed-and-high-blood-pressure/), [cholesterol and statins](/cholesterol-statins-and-ed/) and [diabetes](/ed-and-diabetes/). ## Does ED mean I have heart disease? No. The AUA's Statement 3 is that men "should be counseled that ED is a risk marker for underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other health conditions that may warrant evaluation and treatment". The guideline defines risk markers as attributes that "predict increased probability of a disease state but are not part of the causal pathway" ([AUA ED Guideline, Statement 3]()). A marker raises a question. It does not answer it. The research behind that statement is observational. In the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, 9,457 men aged 55 or older in the placebo group were checked every 3 months for ED and heart disease. After adjusting for age, weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, diabetes, smoking and other factors, new ED was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.25 for later cardiovascular events. The authors described the link between ED and later heart events as in the range of risk tied to current smoking or a family history of heart attack. Their conclusion was that ED is a harbinger of cardiovascular events "in some men" and should prompt a look at cardiovascular risk factors ([Thompson et al., JAMA 2005](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16414947/)). Princeton III puts the practical version this way: a man with ED of physical origin "should be considered at increased CVD risk until recommended checks suggest otherwise" ([Nehra et al., 2012](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3498391/)). The useful response is a checkup, not a conclusion. ## How do clinicians decide if ED treatment fits a heart patient? They start with exercise ability. The Princeton III panel's first emphasis is "the use of exercise ability and stress testing to ensure that each man's cardiovascular health is consistent with the physical demands of sexual activity before prescribing treatment for ED", and it says exercise tolerance should be established before ED therapy starts in all men, whatever their cardiovascular risk ([Nehra et al., 2012](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3498391/)). The AUA adds that if there is uncertainty about a man's exercise tolerance and fitness for sexual activity, he should be referred to a cardiologist for an in-depth evaluation of cardiac reserve ([AUA ED Guideline]()). | Risk group | Examples named in the sources | What the sources say happens next | | ---------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Low | No heart disease and able to exercise with no to minimal cardiac symptoms; successful stent or bypass; controlled high blood pressure without symptoms; mild heart failure (NYHA class I or II); mild valve disease | ED may be treated without additional cardiovascular evaluation | | Intermediate (called indeterminate in Princeton III) | Mild or moderate stable angina, a heart attack 2 to 8 weeks ago without intervention, moderate heart failure (NYHA class III), and narrowed arteries elsewhere such as peripheral artery disease or a past stroke | Further evaluation, such as exercise stress testing, then reassignment to low or high risk | | High | Unstable angina, uncontrolled high blood pressure, severe heart failure (NYHA class IV), a heart attack in the last 2 weeks without intervention, high-risk arrhythmias, and moderate to severe valve disease, particularly aortic stenosis | Referral to a cardiologist; Princeton III describes these conditions as severe or unstable enough to pose a significant risk with sexual activity | The low-risk column follows the AUA's summary. Princeton III, the panel the AUA cites, adds that men with mild heart failure fall in the low-risk group when they reached a set exercise level without signs of reduced blood flow to the heart on recent testing ([AUA ED Guideline](); [Nehra et al., 2012](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3498391/)). Which group you belong in is a judgment for a clinician who has your records, not something to work out from a table. ## Which heart conditions need a cardiology check first? Per the AUA, every man with a cardiovascular condition who is not in the low-risk group needs a cardiology consultation and additional cardiac evaluation before ED is treated ([AUA ED Guideline]()). The labels list specific situations where the evidence is thin. The sildenafil label says there are no controlled clinical data on its safety or efficacy in men who had a heart attack, stroke or life-threatening arrhythmia within the last 6 months, men with resting blood pressure below 90/50 or above 170/110, and men with heart failure or coronary artery disease causing unstable angina, and that if it is prescribed in these groups, it should be done with caution. It also calls for caution in men with left ventricular outflow obstruction, such as aortic stenosis ([VIAGRA prescribing information, section 5.1](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). The tadalafil label goes further and says it is not recommended, until more information is available, for men with a heart attack in the last 90 days, unstable angina or angina during intercourse, heart failure of NYHA class 2 or greater in the last 6 months, uncontrolled arrhythmias, low blood pressure or uncontrolled high blood pressure, or a stroke in the last 6 months ([CIALIS prescribing information, section 5.1, DailyMed](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcd8f8ab-81a2-4891-83db-24a0b0e25895)). The two labels are worded differently, which is one more reason the choice of medicine belongs to the prescriber. ## How do the sildenafil and tadalafil labels compare on heart conditions? They overlap on the fixed rules and differ on the details. The table sets the cardiovascular sections of the two most-prescribed labels side by side, using their own wording as closely as plain language allows ([VIAGRA prescribing information, sections 4, 5.1 and 12.2](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e); [CIALIS prescribing information, sections 4 and 5.1](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcd8f8ab-81a2-4891-83db-24a0b0e25895)). | Situation | Sildenafil (Viagra label) | Tadalafil (Cialis label) | | -------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Nitrates or riociguat | Contraindicated | Contraindicated | | Recent heart attack | No controlled data within the last 6 months; use with caution | Not recommended within the last 90 days | | Recent stroke | No controlled data within the last 6 months; use with caution | Not recommended within the last 6 months | | Unstable angina | No controlled data with coronary artery disease causing unstable angina; use with caution | Not recommended, nor with angina during intercourse | | Heart failure | No controlled data in men with heart failure; use with caution | Not recommended with NYHA class 2 or greater heart failure in the last 6 months | | Arrhythmia | No controlled data after a life-threatening arrhythmia in the last 6 months; use with caution | Not recommended with uncontrolled arrhythmias | | Blood pressure | No controlled data with resting pressure below 90/50 or above 170/110; use with caution | Not recommended with low pressure (below 90/50) or uncontrolled high pressure | | Aortic stenosis or outflow obstruction | Use with caution | Men with this can be sensitive to vasodilators | | Chest pain after a dose | Leaflet: stop sexual activity and get medical help right away | Seek immediate medical attention; nitrates only after at least 48 hours, under supervision | "Not recommended" on the Cialis label reflects that these groups were not included in its clinical trials, so tadalafil is not recommended for them "until further information is available." Neither column replaces the risk check described above. ## Can I take an ED pill after a heart stent or bypass? Having had a stent or bypass does not, on its own, rule ED treatment out. The AUA's summary of Princeton III places men with a successful stent or bypass in the low-risk group, who "may be treated for ED without additional cardiovascular evaluation," provided the rest of their picture fits that group ([AUA ED Guideline]()). What still applies is everything else on this page: the timing of any recent heart attack, current symptoms, exercise tolerance, and above all whether you have been given nitroglycerin or another nitrate for chest pain, because that combination is contraindicated. The Viagra leaflet also asks men to tell their prescriber about heart surgery in the last 6 months ([VIAGRA Patient Information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). Our guide to [sexual activity and heart disease](/sexual-activity-and-heart-disease/) covers what the American Heart Association says about returning to sexual activity after a stent, bypass or heart attack. ## Why can't ED pills be taken with nitrates? This is the one rule that does not bend. Nitrate medicines, often used for chest pain, and PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil and tadalafil act on the same blood-vessel-relaxing pathway. The sildenafil label says it was shown to potentiate the blood-pressure-lowering effect of nitrates, and that giving it to anyone using nitric oxide donors such as organic nitrates or nitrites "in any form", regularly or now and then, is contraindicated. The tadalafil label has the same contraindication. Both labels also contraindicate riociguat, a pulmonary hypertension medicine that acts on the same pathway ([VIAGRA prescribing information, sections 4.1, 4.3 and 7.1](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e); [CIALIS prescribing information, sections 4.1 and 4.3](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcd8f8ab-81a2-4891-83db-24a0b0e25895)). The AUA puts it plainly: the combination "can cause a precipitous drop in blood pressure", and men taking nitrates regularly should not use PDE5 inhibitors ([AUA ED Guideline]()). The sildenafil patient leaflet adds that the sudden drop can make you dizzy or faint, or lead to a heart attack or stroke, and it lists the street drugs called "poppers" alongside nitroglycerin. It also says that if you ever need emergency care for a heart problem, the team needs to know when you last took sildenafil ([VIAGRA Patient Information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). Our page on [nitrates and ED medications](/nitrates-and-ed-medications/) covers this rule for all four ED pills, including poppers, and our guides to [sildenafil drug interactions](/sildenafil-drug-interactions/) and [tadalafil drug interactions](/tadalafil-drug-interactions/) cover the full interaction lists. ## Do blood pressure medicines rule out ED pills? Not as a class. The hard contraindications on the labels are nitrates and riociguat. Other blood-pressure-lowering medicines carry cautions instead. The sildenafil label notes the drug widens blood vessels and, in healthy volunteers, caused temporary drops in lying-down blood pressure, with a mean maximum decrease of 8.4/5.5 mmHg, which "normally would be expected to be of little consequence in most patients" but which prescribers must weigh in men with heart disease. It advises caution with alpha-blockers, because the two can add together and cause dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting in some men, and it says men should be stable on an alpha-blocker before sildenafil is started ([VIAGRA prescribing information, sections 5.1, 5.5 and 7.2](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). The AUA also lists antihypertensives among the medicines that can interact with PDE5 inhibitors and says the prescriber "must be conversant with all potential medication contraindications" ([AUA ED Guideline]()). There is a second side to this. NIDDK lists blood pressure medicines and diuretics among the common medicines that can have ED as a side effect, and it is clear that you should not stop any medicine on your own; a clinician may suggest a different dose or a switch instead ([NIDDK, Symptoms & Causes](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes); [NIDDK, Treatment](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/treatment)). That is why every heart medicine you take belongs in the conversation. Our guide to [blood pressure medicines and ED](/blood-pressure-medications-and-ed/) covers which classes have been linked to erection changes. ## Can ED pills cause a heart attack? The labels report rare heart events in men taking ED pills, but they do not say the pills caused them. The Viagra patient leaflet says "heart attack, stroke, irregular heartbeats and death have happened rarely in men taking VIAGRA," that "most, but not all, of these men had heart problems before taking VIAGRA," and that "it is not known if VIAGRA caused these problems" ([VIAGRA Patient Information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). Reports like these cannot separate the drug's effect from the strain of sexual activity and the heart disease many of these men already had, which is why the guideline puts the cardiac check before the prescription. The labels also describe exercise studies in men with known coronary artery disease. In a double-blind study of 144 men with ED and stable angina who were not taking nitrates regularly, the time to limiting chest pain on an exercise test after sildenafil was "statistically non-inferior to placebo" ([VIAGRA prescribing information, section 12.2](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). In a smaller crossover study of 23 men with stable coronary artery disease, tadalafil was likewise non-inferior to placebo for time to reduced blood flow to the heart during exercise ([CIALIS prescribing information, section 12.2](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcd8f8ab-81a2-4891-83db-24a0b0e25895)). These studies were small, short and in stable men, so they support the risk-group approach rather than replace it. ## Do ED pills affect heart rate or heart rhythm? For sildenafil and tadalafil, the labels report little effect on heart rate or the heart tracing in healthy men, while vardenafil carries a specific rhythm warning. The Viagra label says single doses "produced no clinically relevant changes in the ECGs of normal male volunteers" ([VIAGRA prescribing information, section 12.2](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)), and the Cialis label reports "no significant effect on heart rate" in healthy men ([CIALIS prescribing information, section 12.2](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcd8f8ab-81a2-4891-83db-24a0b0e25895)). The vardenafil label is different: in a study of healthy men, vardenafil lengthened the QT interval, a measure on the heart tracing, to a degree similar to a comparison drug known to do so, and the label says men with congenital QT prolongation or taking class 1A (such as quinidine or procainamide) or class III (such as amiodarone or sotalol) heart-rhythm medicines should avoid it ([vardenafil prescribing information, section 5.7, DailyMed](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2782efed-6198-47b9-81ac-3e255e2ab7f6)). If you have an arrhythmia or take a rhythm medicine, that belongs on the list you give any prescriber. Our guide to [vardenafil](/what-is-vardenafil/) covers its label in full, and [sexual activity and heart disease](/sexual-activity-and-heart-disease/) covers arrhythmias and sexual activity. ## Is sexual activity a strain on the heart? It is physical activity, and the sources treat it that way. The AUA notes that sexual activity has been associated with increased risk for cardiac events, "although the absolute risk is small, particularly in men who regularly engage in other physical activities" ([AUA ED Guideline]()). The meta-analysis it cites pooled case-crossover studies and estimated that one extra hour of physical or sexual activity a week added about 2 to 3 heart attacks per 10,000 person-years. The link was weaker in people with higher levels of regular physical activity ([Dahabreh and Paulus, JAMA 2011](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21427375/)). For scale, Princeton III compares sexual activity to walking a mile on the flat in 20 minutes or briskly climbing two flights of stairs in 10 seconds ([Nehra et al., 2012](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3498391/)). The sildenafil patient leaflet makes the same point in everyday language: sex can put an extra strain on the heart, especially one already weakened by a heart attack or heart disease, and it suggests asking your doctor whether your heart is healthy enough for that strain ([VIAGRA Patient Information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). ## What should I do if I get chest pain during sex? Stop, and get medical help. The sildenafil leaflet says to stop sexual activity and get medical help right away for symptoms such as chest pain, dizziness or nausea during sex ([VIAGRA Patient Information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). The tadalafil label tells prescribers that men who get chest pain after taking it should seek immediate medical attention, and it explains why the timing matters to the emergency team: even when a nitrate is medically necessary in a life-threatening situation, at least 48 hours should have passed since the last tadalafil dose, and it is then given only under close medical supervision ([CIALIS prescribing information, section 5.1](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcd8f8ab-81a2-4891-83db-24a0b0e25895)). The AUA likewise advises men who carry nitroglycerin under the tongue for angina not to use it within 24 hours of a PDE5 inhibitor, and possibly longer after tadalafil ([AUA ED Guideline]()). When you get help, tell the team what you took and when. Our page on [nitrates and ED medications](/nitrates-and-ed-medications/) explains what emergency teams need to know, and our guide on [when to see a doctor about ED](/when-to-see-a-doctor-about-ed/) covers the symptoms that should move a visit up the list. ## What will a clinician ask about my heart before treating ED? Expect questions about how much exercise you can do without symptoms, and a full list of what you take. The sildenafil leaflet asks men to tell their prescriber about any heart problems, including a heart attack, irregular heartbeat, angina, chest pain, narrowing of the aortic valve or heart failure, and about heart surgery in the last 6 months, a stroke, and low or uncontrolled high blood pressure. It also asks for every medicine, including over-the-counter medicines, vitamins and herbal supplements ([VIAGRA Patient Information](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e)). For men with ED and no known heart disease, Princeton III recommends a risk check that includes your history and family history, a physical exam with blood pressure and waist measurement, a resting heart tracing (ECG), and blood tests such as fasting glucose, cholesterol, kidney function and testosterone ([Nehra et al., 2012](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3498391/)). The AUA says the diagnosis of ED is a chance to discuss cardiovascular risk, and that the clinician should share that increased risk with the man, his partner and other clinicians such as his primary care provider ([AUA ED Guideline]()). Our guide to [how ED is diagnosed](/how-ed-is-diagnosed/) walks through the rest of the evaluation, [what an ED test involves](/erectile-dysfunction-test/) explains the individual tests, [talking to a doctor about ED](/talking-to-a-doctor-about-ed/) covers how to raise it, and [how to get ED treatment online safely](/getting-ed-treatment-online-safely/) covers what a real heart and medicine screen looks like. ## The bottom line A heart condition does not automatically rule out ED treatment. The AUA guideline and the Princeton III consensus sort men by cardiac risk first: men at low risk, which can include some men with diagnosed heart disease, may be treated without more cardiac testing, and everyone else with a heart condition needs a cardiology check before ED is treated. ED itself is a risk marker for heart disease, not a diagnosis. The rule that does not change is that ED pills are never combined with nitrates, and the steady next step is a conversation with a clinician who knows your heart history and every medicine you take. ## Sources Every clinical statement on this page traces to a primary or guideline source: - [American Urological Association, Erectile Dysfunction Guideline (Burnett et al., J Urol 2018)](): shared risk factors and vascular mechanism, ED preceding a cardiovascular event by up to five years, Statement 3 and its discussion (risk marker definition, cardiac risks of sexual activity and small absolute risk, cardiologist referral, Princeton III low-risk and cardiology-consultation groups), and the PDE5 inhibitor contraindication with nitrates and interacting medicines. - [Nehra A, et al. The Princeton III Consensus Recommendations for the Management of Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease (Mayo Clin Proc, 2012)](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3498391/): exercise ability and stress testing before ED treatment; 2 to 5 year window; organic ED as increased risk until checks suggest otherwise; recommended risk assessments; low, indeterminate and high-risk profiles; sexual activity compared with walking and stair climbing. - [VIAGRA (sildenafil citrate) prescribing information and Patient Information, Viatris, revised 11/2023, DailyMed](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d905dc8d-917f-4ea3-a4ee-a1ecf6967d4e): sections 4.1 and 4.3 (nitrates and riociguat contraindicated), 5.1 (cardiovascular), 5.5 and 7.2 (alpha-blockers), 7.1 (nitrates); the leaflet's heart history questions, poppers, extra strain on the heart, stopping for chest pain and telling emergency staff when it was last taken. - [Vardenafil hydrochloride tablets prescribing information (generic), DailyMed](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2782efed-6198-47b9-81ac-3e255e2ab7f6): section 5.7 (QT prolongation and the heart-rhythm medicines to avoid). - [CIALIS (tadalafil) prescribing information, Eli Lilly, revised 3/2026, DailyMed](https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bcd8f8ab-81a2-4891-83db-24a0b0e25895): sections 4.1 and 4.3 (nitrates and riociguat contraindicated) and 5.1 (cardiovascular groups not recommended, chest pain and the 48-hour nitrate interval under medical supervision). - [NIH NIDDK, Symptoms & Causes of Erectile Dysfunction (last reviewed October 2024)](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/symptoms-causes): heart and blood vessel diseases among the most common conditions that can lead to ED; blood pressure medicines and diuretics among medicines that can cause ED. - [NIH NIDDK, Definition & Facts for Erectile Dysfunction (last reviewed October 2024)](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/definition-facts): heart disease as a factor that makes ED more likely. - [NIH NIDDK, Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction (last reviewed October 2024)](https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/erectile-dysfunction/treatment): medicine review and not stopping medicines on your own. - [Thompson IM, et al. Erectile dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease (JAMA, 2005)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16414947/): 9,457 men aged 55 or older; adjusted hazard ratio 1.25 for incident ED; comparison with smoking and family history; ED as a harbinger in some men. - [Dahabreh IJ, Paulus JK. Association of episodic physical and sexual activity with triggering of acute cardiac events (JAMA, 2011)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21427375/): absolute risk increase of 2 to 3 heart attacks per 10,000 person-years per extra weekly hour of activity, and the weaker link with higher habitual activity. --- _Affiliate disclosure: some links on the web version of this site go to Bodybuilding Peptides (trybbpeptides.com), an affiliate destination, and we may earn a commission if you buy there. Our coverage is independent of that relationship. Details: https://theedreport.com/affiliate-disclosure/_